Stress Management Introduction Free Essays

Stress is a stage produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to the person’s dynamic balance or equilibrium. It is a natural part of life but Hans Selye defines it as â€Å"the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. † That means good things (for example, a job promotion) to which we must adapt (termed eustress) and bad things (for example, the death of a loved one) to which we must adapt (termed distress). We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management Introduction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other individuals explain stress as a person’s physical and psychological reaction to the demands in his or her life. Furthermore, Selye was really onto something. His research proved so interesting and important that he drew a large number of followers. One of these was A. T. W Simeons who related evolution to psychosomatic disease. He also stated that when our self- esteems to threatened, the brain prepares the body with the fight-or-flight response. People use the word â€Å"stress† in various ways: as an external force that causes a person to become tense or upset, as the internal state of arousal, and as the physical response of the body to various demands. In other words, the body reacts to stressors – the things that upset or excite us – in the same way, whether they are positive or negative. In addition, it is further characterized as: (1) it is a product of unpleasant environment emanating from negative experience, (2) it is a person’s response to chaotic set of environment and (3) it is a gap between the requirements of a situation and the ability to meet such. Background of the study In 2008, Reynolds and Turner believed that stress is a multifaceted phenomenon that may even have beneficial effects in some cases. Other researchers have added to the work of Cannon, Selye, Simeons, and others to shed more light on the relationship of stress to body processes. With this understanding has come a better appreciation of which illnesses and diseases are associated with stress and how to prevent these conditions from developing. Others also helped clarify the effects of stress. Stewart Wolf demonstrated its effects on digestive function; Lawrence Leshan studied its effects on the development of cancer; Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman identified relationship between stress and coronary heart diseases; and Wolf and Wolff studied stress and headaches. Others in fact have found ways of successfully treating people with stress-related illness. The ABC model which was formulated by Albert Ellis shows how distress is the result of our beliefs about events rather than of the events themselves. According to him, an activating event triggers people to form an irrational or negative belief about it, which in turn shapes the consequences and of the event. On the other hand, a stressor is any stimulus from internal or external environment which challenges the adaptation capabilities of an individual and places a strain upon the person resulting to a stressful reaction or illness. It has a potential of triggering a fight-or-flight response. As far as anyone can tell, internal psychological stressors are rare or even absent in most animals but present in humans. This stressor for which our bodies were evolutionarily trained is a threat to our safety. We encounter many different types of stressor. Some are environmental (toxins, heat, cold), some psychological (threats to self-esteem, depression), others sociological (unemployment, death of loved one), and still others philosophical (use of time, purpose in life). Now that you know what a stressor is and what stress reactivity is, it is time to define stress itself. Defining stress becomes a problem, even for the experts. Still another view of stress conceptualizes it as the difference between pressure and adaptability. That is, stress = pressure – adaptability. For our purpose, we will operationally define stress as the combination of a stressor and stress reactivity. Without both of these components, there is no stress. Dr. Hans Selye, one of the first people to study stress, divides people into 2 categories: racehorses and turtles. A racehorse loves to run and will die from exhaustion if it is corralled or confined in a small space. A turtle on the other hand will die from exhaustion if it is forced to run on a treadmill, moving too fast for its slow nature. We each have to find our own healthy stress level, somewhere between that of the racehorse and the turtle. The key in coping with stress is realizing that your perception and response to stressors are crucial. Changing the way you interpret the events or situations – a skill called â€Å"reframing† – can make all the difference. Physical reactions to stress are muscle tension, sweating, over alertness, dry mouth or throat, chest discomfort, sleep problems, fast and shallow breathing and butterflies in the stomach. Emotional reactions to stress are feeling under pressure, feeling tense and unable to relax, increased tearfulness, feelings of conflict, feeling mentally drained, frustration of aggression, fears of social embarrassment, being constantly frightened, increasing irritability/ complaining, lacking inability to feel pleasure and the Feeling of mentally drained. Dealing with the effects of stress, you can minimize many of the physical effects of stress by utilizing these single self-help techniques. For headache, have a warm bath or lie down quietly for a few hours to relieve it. For palpitations, breathe deeply and slowly to encourage your heartbeat to return to normal. For loss of appetite, eat small portions of food that you find appetizing and take your time eating. For rapid breathing, try â€Å"Breathing to Relax technique† by breathing slowly and deeply through your nose and out to your mouth, expanding your abdomen as you breathe in. For sweating, loosen tight garments and shed any extra layers of clothing. For increased urination, restrict your intake of fluid, especially tea and coffee, if you know you are going to be in a stressful situation and for reduce sex drive, explain to your partner that your loss of interest is temporary and not a rejection of him or her. To Manage stress one should (1) Get priorities right, (2) Exercise regularly, (3) Learn to delegate, (4) Make space for leisure time, (5) Try to develop a social network, (6) Have a proper breaks for meal, (7) Listen carefully to those around you, (8) Try to keep things in proportion, (9) Get to know yourself better and (10) Enjoy yourself, and your family and friends. Statement of the Problem 1. ) Why do people need to know the effects of stress to one’s health? 2. ) How does stress arise among people? 3. ) How can people deal with stress? 4. ) How can stress be evaluated? 5. Why do college students more prone to stress than high school students? Objectives of the study This study aims: 1. ) To distinguish the different effects of stress to one’s health/being. 2. ) To explain how stress arise among people/ individual. 3. ) To discuss several ways on how people can deal with stress. 4. ) To evaluate stress levels. 5. ) To differentiate college and high school student’s stress probability. Significance of the Study 1. ) Students. It will help them particularly the higher students (the colleges) because they experience several problems, financially, love life, wrong time management and more. Stress has a relation to their academic performance. 2. ) Workers. They experience work blues because of their doubts about their job, their co workers and more. It may be helpful to them. 3. ) Family. It will be helpful to them for different problems like for bills, foods, clothes and other things needed in the family makes the parents or the bread winner stress. 4. ) Government and other institution’s people. Since they are responsible for the welfare of the people, they are prone to stress. Different problems of the community were blamed to them, that’s why this is helpful to them. How to cite Stress Management Introduction, Essays

Sir Anton Dolin Essay Example For Students

Sir Anton Dolin Essay Dancer and choreographer Anton Dolin has been called â€Å"one of the most colorful and vital figures in modern ballet. † As a member of internationally known ballet companies or as director of his own troupes, this British-born artist has toured Europe and America for the past twenty years. Anton Dolin, originally Patrick Healey-Kay, was born on July 27, 1904, in Slinfold, Sussex, England. He is one of the three sons of George Henry and Helen Maude (Healey) Kay. When he was ten years of age his parents moved from Slinfold to Brighton. It was at about this time that the boy made up his mind to become a dancer. Although his parents tried to discourage him from dancing, they sent him to Miss Claire James’ Academy of Dancing and later to the Misses Grace and Lily Cone, who came to London each week to give lessons in Brighton. After the boy danced and acted at the Brighton Hippodrome Theatre, the manager of the theater suggested that he be sent to London for training in dramatics. In the metropolis Pat studied under Italia Conti, and at the same time he attended the Pitman School for instruction in stenography In 1917, a month after attending a performance of Princess Seraphina Astafieva’s Swinburne Ballet, the thirteen-year-old boy registered for lessons with the Russian ballerina. A former pupil of the Imperial School and at one time principal dancer in the Diaghilev Ballet Russe, Astafieva was then conducting the only school of Russian ballet in London, which stressed the importance of the individual dancer in ballet. After Pat had been her student for about four years, the famous Diaghilev visited the school one day in search of promising young dancers for extras in The Sleeping Princess. It was then that the seventeen-year-old youth was given his first dancing it, a part in Diaghilev’s chorus. The Sleeping Princess had a three-month run, after which the young dancer returned to school for two more years of instruction. On August 26, 1923, under the name of the Anglo-Russian Ballet, Astafieva put on a large scale production with her pupils as the principal dancers. For this first solo appearance Patrick Healey-Kay decided to choose a Russian name as he thought it would be an excellent joke. He found â€Å"Anton† in a Chekhov volume, but had difficulty in selecting an easily pronounced surname until someone at the school suggested â€Å"Dolin. The program for the performance thus announced that Anton Dolin would appear in two solo dances of his own composition: Hymn to the Sun and Danse russe. And Astafieva, feeling that her pupil was now ready to be accepted for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe, sent Anton Dolin to Paris, where she had arranged an interview with the producer. In November of that year (1923) Dolin was made a member of the Diaghilev company, which was then dancing in Monte Carlo. Before his next appearance before an audience, however, he devoted two months to intensive practice with Bronislava Nijinska, maitresse de ballet. His debut was made on January 1, 1924, in the role of Daphnis in the classical ballet Daphnis and Chloe. His next appearance was as Beau Gosse in the production in Paris in June 1924 of Jean In the next two years Dolin developed rapidly as a Diaghilev artist, but at the end of the 1925 season he and the impresario quarreled, causing Dolin, then the premier dancer, to leave the company. The following July Dolin appeared in the Punch Bowl Revue at His Majesty’s Theatre, and after the show closed, at the beginning of 1926, he accepted an offer to dance in the musical revue Palladium Pleasures. .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .postImageUrl , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:hover , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:visited , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:active { border:0!important; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:active , .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50 .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucc57401836ba6bfe4b80b0d04b3f5e50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation EssayAfterward, with Phyllis Bedells as his dancing partner at the Coliseum, he produced several â€Å"nursery rhyme† choreographies. Further ballet and revue engagements were followed in 1927 by an appearance in the revue White Birds (1927). With Vera Nemchinova, one of his former colleagues in the Diaghilev company, Dolin next formed the Nemchinova-Dolin Ballet, dancing in Swan Lake and his own The Nightingale and the Rose. During the following two years Dolin and Nemchinova toured Holland, Germany, France, and Spain, offering among other compositions, Dolin’s Revolution, Espagnol, and Rhapsody in Blue. The Nemchinova-Dolin company was disbanded early in 1929, Dolin rejoining the Ballet Russe. The second engagement lasted only a short while-Diaghilev’s death in August 1929 causing the termination of the group. But Dolin had, with the Diaghilev company, created important roles-in Balanchine’s Le Bal and Le Fils prodigue. It was at about this time, too, that he danced with the budding ballerina Alicia Markova, eventually to be called â€Å"the greatest Dolin’s first New York appearance, on February 25, 1930, featured him, together with Argentina and Gertrude Lawrence, in The International Revue, but the American critics were not enthusiastic and the revue closed after a few months. Dolin then returned to London, where he danced in two more revues, Charlot’s Masquerade and Stand Up and Sing. His next engagement took him to Berlin as ballet master and dancer for Max Reinhardt’s production of The Tales of Hoffmann. Upon returning to his native land, Anton Dolin joined the newly established Camargo Society Ballet, a British organization trying to revive ballet in England. It was with this group that Dolin danced the role of Satan in Job for the first time. From 1931 to 1935 Dolin appeared in revues and was guest dancer with the Vic-Wells Ballet, of which Markova was the new premier dancer. After four years of this dual arrangement, Dolin and Markova in 1935 left the Vic-Wells company to form their own ballet troupe with Dolin as director and both the artists as stars. Early in 1938, however, Markova left to become the principal ballerina of Massine’s newly organized Ballet Russe, while Dolin continued to dance in revues in England and later in Australia. As principal dancers of New York’s Ballet Theatre Dolin and Markova resumed dancing together in 1941. As choreographer with the troupe, Dolin recreated for modern audiences the nineteenth century classics Giselle, Swan Lake, Les Sylphides, and The Sleeping Beauty, and composed his own ballets, Romantic Age, Quintet, and Pas de Quatre. In the winter of 1944-45 Dolin and his partner Markova were seen in Billy Rose’s production, Seven Lively Arts. In October 1945 manager S. Hurok announced the formation of a new Markova-Dolin ballet troupe devoted to classical ballet, which he had booked for a irst-season engagement of sixty appearances throughout the United States. The ensemble dancers would be both selected and trained by Markova and Dolin. The group’s initial tour, which began in November, had capacity audiences, and its special booking arrangement brought it together for a joint appearance with Ballet Theatre in the larger cities of the United States. In June 1946 Dolin ventured upon another acting experience and essayed the title role of the play, The Dancer. When the Original Ballet Russe returned to New York in October, Dolin was among the performers. Aside from his stage performances, Anton Dolin has appeared in several British motion pictures, which include Invitation To Waltz, Chu Chin Chow, Forbidden Territory, and Dark Red Roses. In 1945 Dolin and Markova were brought to American screen in Republic Pictures’ musical A Song for Miss Julie. The dancer has had two books published, Divertissment (1931) and Ballet Go Round (1938). He has lectured at Oxford and Cambridge universities and over the radio in England, Australia, and the United States. Dolin was knighted in 1981 and died in 1983,

BKE 3053 Essays - Ethics, Applied Ethics, , Term Papers

BKE 3053 INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE COMMUNICATION FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION GROUP ASSIGNMENT 20% Question: You are required to do an assignment on Corporate Social Responsibility. In a group, choose an organization that you are familiar with. The organization that you choose should differ from other groups in the class. Discuss and write the details of the following matter:- Definition and concept of CSR Types of CSR The importance of CSR (in general). CSR activity conducted by the organization you choose. The implication/effects of CSR activities to the organization. The relationship between CSR and crisis communication in the organization. At the end of the class, you are required to do a group presentation. The duration of the presentation is between 20-30 minutes. Format of the assignment:- APA style. Between 15 to 20 pages. Font: Times New Roman; Size: 12; Spacing: 1.5 spacing Page number must be included. Note: Plagiarism is strictly prohibited. Quotations must be quoted accurately. Date of Submission: 22 nd November 2016 before 4.00pm

How to Make Powdered Olive Oil

How to Make Powdered Olive Oil Molecular gastronomy applies science to put a modern spin on traditional foods. For this simple recipe, combine maltodextrin powder with olive oil or any other flavorful oil or melted fat to make a powdered oil. Maltodextrin is a carbohydrate powder derived from starch that dissolves the instant it hits your mouth. It melts away, with no gritty or powdery sensation, so you taste the oil. Ingredients maltodextrinolive oil Food-grade maltodextrin is sold under many names, including  N-Zorbit M, Tapioca Maltodextrin, Maltosec, and Malto. While tapioca maltodextrin is one of the common types, the polysaccharide is made from other starches, such as corn starch, potato starch, or wheat starch. Use any flavorful oil. Good choices are olive oil, peanut oil, and sesame oil.  You can season the oil or use flavored rendered  fat, such as from bacon or sausage. One way to season the oil is to heat it in a pan with seasonings, such as garlic and spices.  Expect deeply colored oils to color the resulting powder.  Another option is to combine maltodextrin  with other fatty products, such as peanut butter. The only rule is to mix it with a lipid, not water or a high-moisture ingredient. Make Olive Oil Powder This is extremely simple. Essentially all you do is whisk together maltodextrin and oil or combine them in a food processor. If you dont have a whisk, you can use a fork or spoon. For a powder, youll want about 45-65% powder (by weight), so a good starting point (if you dont want to measure) is to go half and half with the oil and maltodextrin. Another method is to slowly stir oil into the powder, stopping when you have reached your desired consistency.  If you do want to measure ingredients, here is a simple recipe: 4 grams powdered maltodextrin10 grams extra virgin olive oil For a fine powder, you can use a sifter or push the powder through a strainer.  You can plate the powdered olive oil by serving it in a decorative spoon or topping dry foods, such as crackers. Dont put the powder in contact with a water-containing ingredient or it will liquefy. Storing Oil Powder The powder should be good about a day at room temperature or several days, sealed and refrigerated. Be sure to keep the powder away from moisture or high humidity. Powdered Alcohol Aside from offering the possibility to serve familiar food in new ways, one big advantage of using the dextrin is that it lets you turn a liquid into a solid. A similar process is used to make powdered alcohol. The difference is the chemical  used. Powdered alcohol is made by combining alcohol with cyclodextrin rather than maltodextrin. Cyclodextrin can be combined with up to 60% alcohol. If you want to make powdered alcohol yourself, keep in mind you need to use pure alcohol, not an aqueous solution. Cyclodextrin, like maltodextrin, readily dissolves in water.  Another use of cyclodextrin is as an odor-absorber. It is the active ingredient in Febreze.

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment Example In this book, the author gives information on the latest designs that are used in the aircraft industry. Among the recent materials used are the composite materials which have been highly rated. The author is an associate in the Royal Aeronautical Society, which makes the book have full information on the development of the aircraft industry. The federal aviation gives information on all the acceptable standards of materials used in making aircraft and the manual that can be used by pilots in the course of their working. The federal foundation is a body that controls the aircraft industry with control over a number of issues. This material hives information on how the technology has been improving in using composite materials in making aircraft. The author incepts that there are advantages in the use of the composite materials. The author is the head of strength analysis group. National oceanography centre. (27th June 2006). Composites in aerospoace- case studies. Southampton: National oceanography centre. Retrieved from: http://www.infosys.com/industries/aerospace-defense/case-studies/documents/living-composites.pdf With a team of experts, the national oceanography gives the case studies that have been used in making the composite materials a success. The experts have studied the use of the composite materials and how they should be improved in their usage. Edwards T. (September, 2008). Composite material revolutionizes aerospace engineering. New York: Engineering consultancy Atkins. Retrieved from: http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issues/issue36/edwards.pdf Edwards gives all the information that is used in making the composite materials used in the aerospace. This information also gives the future of the use of composite materials as the technological improvement of aeronautical engineering. Edwards is a chief structural engineer and has ample information about composite

Nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki Essay

Nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Essay Example The paper would be looking at the various perspectives that could have motivated the Americans to use this weapon of mass destruction. During the WWII1, Japan joined forces with the Germany and Italy, the enemies of the Allied Forces and fought against them vigorously. It accessed several small nations like Vietnam, coastal China and in its efforts to increase its oil reserves, after the boycott of oil supply by America, its attacks and subsequent accession to Indonesia, considerably expanded its territorial rights over a large area in Pacific Ocean. This aggressive behaviour further escalated the tension between Japan and the Allied forces specially America and Britain. The war between the two intensified, leading to bloodiest attacks of Pearl Harbour by Japanese forces and invasion of Okinawa by US forces. Even though, the allied forces regained territories and reduced the Japanese influence in the Pacific, they were unable to overpower the might of Japanese forces. Hence, after the fall of Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany, Japan became the sole target of the allied forces. HiroshimHiroshima was the headquarters of the Japanese army and one of the most advanced cities of Japan. It therefore became the first target of the nuclear attack by America. American President, Harry S. Truman, deliberately targeted Hiroshima because the devastation of the city and killing of a large part of the population, would, according to the American President, convincingly show the repercussions of the Japanese refusal for an amicable peace treaty (Hersey, 1989). The detonation of 'Little Man' (name of the nuclear bomb that was dropped) on Hiroshima on 6th August 1945, became a reality and created unprecedented holocaust, ever recorded in the history of mankind. It killed more than 90,000 people, maimed and injured grievously more than 30,000 and genetically damaged the surviving population. The second attack on the city of Nagasaki became significant because it was an important off shore trading centre and an important port of Japan. Though, much of the population was shifted from the mainland, 'Fat Man', the atomic bomb that was dropped on 9th August 1945, was equally devastating in its effect. About 70,000 were killed instantly and more than 60,000 injured. The total casualties in the two attacks defied the imaginations of the world. Japanese government called an immediate ceasefire and surrendered to the allied forces and signed the 'instrument of surrender' on 2nd September 1945, which officially ended the World War II. The Emperor Hirohito of Japan surrendered for the overall welfare of his people and his surrender was subject to keeping the sovereignty of the Crown intact. Japan surrendered and the WWII came to an end. Reasons cited for bombings Japan was increasingly becoming powerful and the allied forces wanted to curb the growing influence of the Japanese. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were major cities of Japan that were commercial hub. The decision to bomb the two cities had mainly two objectives. The foremost being, to establish the

The Concept Of The Afterlife Religion Essay

The Concept Of The Afterlife Religion Essay Throughout the history of man one of the biggest questions that haunt human existence is the question of the Afterlife. Is there a God? Is there a heaven or a hell? Do we have souls? And what happens to it once it leaves this earth and the physical body? The prospect of the unknown has brought about many different ideas and theories; each religion, culture and era has developed their own notions and set truths in order to explain what will happen once we die. In order to gain some understanding on this subject this paper will exam the four biggest religions; Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism and how they explain the unknown and the divine plane beyond ours. Christianity In the Christian religion they believe in the concept that after physical death the soul maintains consciousness and there is an in-between state between death and the resurrection of the body. Another concept is that until the resurrection, which will happen during the Second Coming or the return of Jesus Christ also known as Judgment day, the spirit sleeps. These two ideas are divided into three main sects; The Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and Protestantism. Although all three of these groups are similar in that they believe that upon death the soul will face judgment for his or her actions while on earth, they each have their different perception of when and how it will happen. These in-between states mentioned above are classified into two planes, Heaven and Hell, within the New Testament. Even though Hades appears in both the New Testament and in the Revelation, to express the concept of hell, the idea of hell does not derive from the place in Greek mythology that is the underworld the place of the dead. This is due to the fact that it is a place that consists of the undead both good and bad. Therefore to better understand hell one talks about Tartarus a place in the underworld even lower than Hades were the wicked go. Hell is described to be a place or state, were souls who have not repented for their sins and/or have rejected Jesus Christ as their savior, suffer eternal damnation. In biblical teachings it is said that the soul passes into hell after God has judged them irredeemable for their actions while on earth. Hades also consist of Elysium, a utopia were those who have lived worthy lives go. This is known as the kingdom of God or Kingdom of heaven, discussed mostly in Revelations in the New Testament. It is considered a place or state that is inherited by the righteous a place of paradise and eternity with god. Although the literalness of heaven is debatable, it is said while on earth, Jesus often preached about the heven as a reward, a final destination, for those who have been virtuous and followed the word of his father. Christians believe that in the end of time Jesus Christ will rise again and all who have died will be resurrected for the Last Judgment. This is when the kingdom of God will be fully established; in Revelation 21 it states that an army of angels will come down from heaven to fight those who oppose God and reestablish Gods eternal reign over all of his creations. It is the final day ware the wicked will be punished and the righteous rewarded. Therefore those who want to be saved must repent for their sins and follow the teachings of Jesus Christ so that they can be with him after Judgment day. The Catholic Church believes that upon death those souls who have been saved do not go straight to heaven but go through a process of purification in purgatory in order to be cleansed before they can be in Gods presence. Souls who have not been saved however go straight to hell to be damned for all eternity. They also believe that those who have not been baptized cannot go to heaven for they commit original sin, but dwell in Limbo, if they have died without moral sin. Waiting for the Day of Judgment when Jesus will come back to earth to bring those souls to heaven. The Orthodox Church believes that both heaven and hell are in the same dimension, and one does not experience either separated from God, hell just like heaven is simply being with God although hell still means living in eternal damnation and suffering. According to the orthodox tradition God loves all human being including the sinners, therefore he does not cut anyone off from himself but instead those who go to hell are t hose who self-exclude themselves from everybody else .The Protestants believe that hell was created by God in order to punish the devil, and his fallen angels. It is believed that after judgment day those souls who did not seek deliverance from God while on earth would be sent to hell to be punished for their sins, which are most people. However unlike Martin Luther who believed that the soul stayed unconscious and slept after death, John Calvin, believed that souls maintain awareness after physical death and went straight to hell upon dying. He based this off of the fact that Protestants believed that because Jesus Christ had already paid for our sins on the cross, there should be nothing stopping ones soul from going straight into heaven or hell. Islam The description for life after death in the Islamic faith comes from the Quran, which states two main concepts for the afterlife or Akhirah, the oneness of God and the unavoidable day of resurrection, the Islamic Day of Judgment. Due to this In Islam human beings experience are broken down into four stages, the first two are mans experience on earth (1. the stage of the womb and 2. The stage of the mortal world). It is in these two stages that man is tested to determine his place in the afterlife. Muslims believe that God holds every human being whether they are Muslim or not accountable for their actions and deed while they live on earth. Therefore it is taught within Islam that the only purpose to life is the preparation for the afterlife and attaining a spot in paradise. In order to do this the Quran teaches that mans has to practice integrity and generosity to others and to devote ones self to Allah, the one and only God. Salvation only comes with the practice of moral and ethica l responsibility while on earth. The last two stages are mans experience once the spirit leaves its earthly body. The stage of the grave, known as Barzakh, is broken down into three events; the first is when the soul leaves the body, the second is the reflection of ones actions and endeavors while alive, and the third is a state of cold sleep where man awaits Judgment day. The final stage, the hereafter or rest of eternity comes after the Day of Judgment, when all human beings have been resurrected and judged in the eyes of God to either spend their eternal lives in Jannah (heaven or paradise) if they were virtuous or Jahannam (hell or spiritual state of suffering) if they were unrighteous or in denial of the truth of Allah. There are two different types of souls that are excluded from these stages and do not have to wait till Judgment day; the first are those who die fighting in Gods name, they are honored by immediately being allowed to rise to paradise by Gods side; and the secon d are those who are the enemy of Islam, they are punished by going straight to the spiritual plane of suffering. However, those who are sent to hell do have the ability to ascend to the spiritual state of heaven once they have been purified by Jahannam unless they are non-muslim or Kafir, then they are punished for eternity. Both Jannah and Jahannam have different levels within their own spiritual plane, each reserved, depending on how one was measure during their time on earth. Buddhism Due to the fact that Buddhism was born out of Hinduism it contains some of the same basic principles for the afterlife, such as rebirth after death (individual passing from one form to another) and karma (accumulated sums of ones good or bad deeds), along with the same end goal to escape the never ending cycle of reincarnation because life is suffering. This escape is only obtainable if one lets go of all their desires they hold on the earth using the Buddhist form of liberation or Nirvana. Nirvana is not a place or a state, but the end of rebirth, directly translated it means extinction, referring to the elimination of all ones desires, allowing one to become free from all earthy attachments. Buddhism diverts from Hindu beliefs on the subject of eternal souls, according to Buddha human beings do not obtain a soul. His doctrine of anatta explains that because individuals experience memories, impulses, traditions, desires and so on, they are deceived into thinking that they have souls because these attachments can be perceived as encompassing an ego. However this is not the case, humans are just a container of emotions and habits that are reused over and over again as the body is reincarnated life after life. Therefore in order to escape from the constant suffering that is existence humans need to purge themselves of their false self, leaving nothing to reincarnate hence being free of the cycle(8). The type of rebirth one may have depends on the how moral ones actions were in his or her previous life. For example if one projected negativity such as hatred or greed, committing physical or emotional harm to those around him or her, that person would be reborn into a lower realm (a.k.a animal, ghost, demon etc.). If one were to promote positive and constructive actions based on love, metta (kindness) and peace they would be reincarnated into a happy realm, becoming a person or arising into a heavenly realm in their next life. In death one need to stay aware of the dying process for as long as possible, because as one passes the thoughts that are experienced impacts either the state they are in after death, or if nirvana is not achieved, their next reincarnation experience. According to Tibetan Buddhism after death, the spirit goes through bardos (a limbo like plane were the individual waits till rebirth), this is made up of three different stages spread over forty-nine days. The first stage is called Chikai Bardo or the bardo of dying which can take from a half a day to four, after death, giving the deceased time to realize they have passed. In that moment of realization the spirit experiences a euphoric awareness of a clear white light. For those who are more spiritually intuitive this awareness last longer and will lead to a higher plane of truth. However for the average person this will not happen and their spirit will descend into a secondary state or clear light. In the second stage, Chonyid Bardo or bardo of Luminous mind. The individual will experience the backlash of the karma they had created during their life, facing vision of both serene and wrathful representations of human feelings. In order to achieve nirvana the spirit has to confront and navigate itself through these personifications free of harm. The third stage is the process of rebirth/reincarnation and it is called Sidpa Bardo or the bardo of rebirth. It is only the truly enlightened spirits that have shed all their earthly desires through nirvana that can skip the process of the three bardos and ascend directly to the dimension of paradise. Hinduism Like Buddhism Hinduism believes in reincarnation, however Hinduism sees the soul (atman) as immortal and eternal while the body is the one that undergoes constant birth and death. A soul goes through the process of reincarnation over and over again until it has fully developed and becomes perfect. Perfection however is not an easy feat, a soul has to enter many bodies live many different lives and have many different experiences. Only after this can a soul finally become part of the divine. For those soles that are never able to make the transformation to perfection, they will only be able to be one with god again through the process of great destruction. Destruction is needed in order to end the cycle of creation, which for Hindus only occurs once the individual spirit separates from the source. After the process of creation has occurred and the soul and true self has separated from the One, it conceals itself and becomes part of an uncivilized form that has both a jiva also known a s a false self, and an ego. Because of the ego the form is cursed with earthly attachments such as desires and urges. The Jiva and ego also suffer from delusions and ignorance, the soul having lost all of its knowledge of truth upon separating from God. For this reason they behave in a self-centered manner displaying characteristics that are both selfish and inconsiderate. It is because of this childish behavior, as though they are the only ones in the universe and are completely different from other beings that the soul suffers as it does. Upon death the jiva and soul survive this time period is seen as both a period of recuperation and learning. Before being reincarnated into another physical body the soul has to go through judgment based on its past lifes Karma. Depending on the morality of their past deeds along with how many other past births they have experienced, the jiva either goes to heaven or hell until they have been rewarded or punished enough for its past life actions. Then taking the knowledge that it has gained from this experience and ready to try again the jiva is prepared to be born again. It is through Karma that the true self slowly awakes within the jiva, because it teaches the jiva that good actions bring about positive results and bad actions pain therefore by making mistakes and learning from them the jiva will overcome its ignorance. This however takes time, therefore throughout the cycle of life the individual jiva experiences a limitless number of births and deaths also known as Samsara. The purpose for this is that each time a jiva is reborn it brings a little bit more knowledge from its time in between physical bodies helping it to gradually realize its unity with God and self. Each physical body it is born into, like in Buddhism, depends on its deeds in its previous life; therefore the jiva may be reincarnated into a lesser life or a higher life. It is not until the jiva has gone through a countless number of rebirths and lifetimes that it can begin to gain some awareness to the truths around it and seek higher forms of happiness. It is this self-awareness that will bring completely detached or want of earthly pleasures and desires that the jiva is in search for, because only then can it be completely liberated (moksha)from the constant cycle of death and birth. The afterlife allows for so many possibilities because no one truly knows what will become of them or their soul once they have passed on. Each of these religions explores different theories and philosophies and has come to their own ideas on the subject, however despite their differences one similar tenant does run through them. They all agree that in the afterlife one will be punished or rewarded based on their actions while on earth. Whether it is by a supreme being such as God while existing in another world (heaven or hell) such as the Christians and Muslims believe or through the correction mechanism like Karma that comes through being reincarnated in which the Buddhist and Hindus believe.